Based on #10519

Co-Authored-By: Alex <alex18881@users.noreply.github.com>

Followup to #10516

* AVR: Atomic bit set and clear

The critical section can be dropped, saving 3 cycles per access. Also simplified pin toggling for all ports.

Response to #10435

Fix #10505

Also simplify logic on all ARM-based interrupts. Now, it is REQUIRED to properly configure interrupt priority. USART should have highest priority, followed by Stepper, and then all others.

Fix #10476

What should the SD detect and SDSS pins be? Followup soon on #8138

* Remove obsolete strings
* Tweak some static consts
* Reset LCD status to fallbacks

Co-Authored-By: anton-piliugin <34044202+anton-piliugin@users.noreply.github.com>

Based on #10465

In response to `M115` the firmware reports if Thermal Protection is enabled (1) or not (0). This information can be used by software such as OctoPrint (more precisely the Printer Safety Check plugin) to warn users when Thermal Protection is not enabled in the firmware.

Co-Authored-By: andrivet <sebastien@advtools.com>

…and apply to MALYAN_LCD.

- Add an option to retry G29, optionally executing a G-code procedure after each failed probe.

Restore necessary and needed loop termination logic.

* Add BOARD_MKS_BASE_15 with digital micro-stepping
* Rename MKS_13 to MKS_GEN_13