marlin/Marlin/temperature.cpp

/*
  temperature.cpp - temperature control
  Part of Marlin
  
 Copyright (C) 2011 Camiel Gubbels / Erik van der Zalm
 
 This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 (at your option) any later version.
 
 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/

#include "Marlin.h"
#include "ultralcd.h"
#include "temperature.h"
#include "watchdog.h"
#include "language.h"

#include "Sd2PinMap.h"

//===========================================================================
//================================== macros =================================
//===========================================================================

#ifdef K1 // Defined in Configuration.h in the PID settings
  #define K2 (1.0-K1)
#endif

#if ENABLED(PIDTEMPBED) || ENABLED(PIDTEMP)
  #define PID_dT ((OVERSAMPLENR * 12.0)/(F_CPU / 64.0 / 256.0))
#endif

//===========================================================================
//============================= public variables ============================
//===========================================================================

int target_temperature[4] = { 0 };
int target_temperature_bed = 0;
int current_temperature_raw[4] = { 0 };
float current_temperature[4] = { 0.0 };
int current_temperature_bed_raw = 0;
float current_temperature_bed = 0.0;
#if ENABLED(TEMP_SENSOR_1_AS_REDUNDANT)
  int redundant_temperature_raw = 0;
  float redundant_temperature = 0.0;
#endif

#if ENABLED(PIDTEMPBED)
  float bedKp=DEFAULT_bedKp;
  float bedKi=(DEFAULT_bedKi*PID_dT);
  float bedKd=(DEFAULT_bedKd/PID_dT);
#endif //PIDTEMPBED
  
#if ENABLED(FAN_SOFT_PWM)
  unsigned char fanSpeedSoftPwm;
#endif

unsigned char soft_pwm_bed;
  
#if ENABLED(BABYSTEPPING)
  volatile int babystepsTodo[3] = { 0 };
#endif

#if ENABLED(FILAMENT_SENSOR)
  int current_raw_filwidth = 0;  //Holds measured filament diameter - one extruder only
#endif  

#if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS) || ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_BED)
  enum TRState { TRReset, TRInactive, TRFirstHeating, TRStable, TRRunaway };
  void thermal_runaway_protection(TRState *state, millis_t *timer, float temperature, float target_temperature, int heater_id, int period_seconds, int hysteresis_degc);
  #if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS)
    static TRState thermal_runaway_state_machine[4] = { TRReset, TRReset, TRReset, TRReset };
    static millis_t thermal_runaway_timer[4]; // = {0,0,0,0};
  #endif
  #if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_BED) && TEMP_SENSOR_BED != 0
    static TRState thermal_runaway_bed_state_machine = TRReset;
    static millis_t thermal_runaway_bed_timer;
  #endif
#endif

//===========================================================================
//============================ private variables ============================
//===========================================================================

static volatile bool temp_meas_ready = false;

#if ENABLED(PIDTEMP)
  //static cannot be external:
  static float temp_iState[EXTRUDERS] = { 0 };
  static float temp_dState[EXTRUDERS] = { 0 };
  static float pTerm[EXTRUDERS];
  static float iTerm[EXTRUDERS];
  static float dTerm[EXTRUDERS];
  #if ENABLED(PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE)
    static float cTerm[EXTRUDERS];
    static long last_position[EXTRUDERS];
    static long lpq[LPQ_MAX_LEN];
    static int lpq_ptr = 0;
  #endif
  //int output;
  static float pid_error[EXTRUDERS];
  static float temp_iState_min[EXTRUDERS];
  static float temp_iState_max[EXTRUDERS];
  static bool pid_reset[EXTRUDERS];
#endif //PIDTEMP
#if ENABLED(PIDTEMPBED)
  //static cannot be external:
  static float temp_iState_bed = { 0 };
  static float temp_dState_bed = { 0 };
  static float pTerm_bed;
  static float iTerm_bed;
  static float dTerm_bed;
  //int output;
  static float pid_error_bed;
  static float temp_iState_min_bed;
  static float temp_iState_max_bed;
#else //PIDTEMPBED
  static millis_t  next_bed_check_ms;
#endif //PIDTEMPBED
  static unsigned char soft_pwm[EXTRUDERS];

#if ENABLED(FAN_SOFT_PWM)
  static unsigned char soft_pwm_fan;
#endif
#if HAS_AUTO_FAN
  static millis_t next_auto_fan_check_ms;
#endif  

#if ENABLED(PIDTEMP)
  #if ENABLED(PID_PARAMS_PER_EXTRUDER)
    float Kp[EXTRUDERS] = ARRAY_BY_EXTRUDERS1(DEFAULT_Kp);
    float Ki[EXTRUDERS] = ARRAY_BY_EXTRUDERS1(DEFAULT_Ki*PID_dT);
    float Kd[EXTRUDERS] = ARRAY_BY_EXTRUDERS1(DEFAULT_Kd / PID_dT);
    #if ENABLED(PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE)
      float Kc[EXTRUDERS] = ARRAY_BY_EXTRUDERS1(DEFAULT_Kc);
    #endif // PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE
  #else //PID_PARAMS_PER_EXTRUDER
    float Kp = DEFAULT_Kp;
    float Ki = DEFAULT_Ki * PID_dT;
    float Kd = DEFAULT_Kd / PID_dT;
    #if ENABLED(PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE)
      float Kc = DEFAULT_Kc;
    #endif // PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE
  #endif // PID_PARAMS_PER_EXTRUDER
#endif //PIDTEMP

// Init min and max temp with extreme values to prevent false errors during startup
static int minttemp_raw[EXTRUDERS] = ARRAY_BY_EXTRUDERS( HEATER_0_RAW_LO_TEMP , HEATER_1_RAW_LO_TEMP , HEATER_2_RAW_LO_TEMP, HEATER_3_RAW_LO_TEMP);
static int maxttemp_raw[EXTRUDERS] = ARRAY_BY_EXTRUDERS( HEATER_0_RAW_HI_TEMP , HEATER_1_RAW_HI_TEMP , HEATER_2_RAW_HI_TEMP, HEATER_3_RAW_HI_TEMP);
static int minttemp[EXTRUDERS] = { 0 };
static int maxttemp[EXTRUDERS] = ARRAY_BY_EXTRUDERS1(16383);
#ifdef BED_MINTEMP
static int bed_minttemp_raw = HEATER_BED_RAW_LO_TEMP;
#endif
#ifdef BED_MAXTEMP
  static int bed_maxttemp_raw = HEATER_BED_RAW_HI_TEMP;
#endif

#if ENABLED(TEMP_SENSOR_1_AS_REDUNDANT)
  static void *heater_ttbl_map[2] = {(void *)HEATER_0_TEMPTABLE, (void *)HEATER_1_TEMPTABLE };
  static uint8_t heater_ttbllen_map[2] = { HEATER_0_TEMPTABLE_LEN, HEATER_1_TEMPTABLE_LEN };
#else
  static void *heater_ttbl_map[EXTRUDERS] = ARRAY_BY_EXTRUDERS( (void *)HEATER_0_TEMPTABLE, (void *)HEATER_1_TEMPTABLE, (void *)HEATER_2_TEMPTABLE, (void *)HEATER_3_TEMPTABLE );
  static uint8_t heater_ttbllen_map[EXTRUDERS] = ARRAY_BY_EXTRUDERS( HEATER_0_TEMPTABLE_LEN, HEATER_1_TEMPTABLE_LEN, HEATER_2_TEMPTABLE_LEN, HEATER_3_TEMPTABLE_LEN );
#endif

static float analog2temp(int raw, uint8_t e);
static float analog2tempBed(int raw);
static void updateTemperaturesFromRawValues();

#if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS)
  int watch_target_temp[EXTRUDERS] = { 0 };
  millis_t watch_heater_next_ms[EXTRUDERS] = { 0 };
#endif

#ifndef SOFT_PWM_SCALE
  #define SOFT_PWM_SCALE 0
#endif

#if ENABLED(FILAMENT_SENSOR)
  static int meas_shift_index;  //used to point to a delayed sample in buffer for filament width sensor
#endif

#if ENABLED(HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675)
  static int read_max6675();
#endif

//===========================================================================
//================================ Functions ================================
//===========================================================================

void PID_autotune(float temp, int extruder, int ncycles) {
  float input = 0.0;
  int cycles = 0;
  bool heating = true;

  millis_t temp_ms = millis(), t1 = temp_ms, t2 = temp_ms;
  long t_high = 0, t_low = 0;

  long bias, d;
  float Ku, Tu;
  float Kp, Ki, Kd;
  float max = 0, min = 10000;

  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN
    millis_t next_auto_fan_check_ms = temp_ms + 2500;
  #endif

  if (extruder >= EXTRUDERS
    #if !HAS_TEMP_BED
       || extruder < 0
    #endif
  ) {
    SERIAL_ECHOLN(MSG_PID_BAD_EXTRUDER_NUM);
    return;
  }
  
  SERIAL_ECHOLN(MSG_PID_AUTOTUNE_START);

  disable_all_heaters(); // switch off all heaters.

  if (extruder < 0)
    soft_pwm_bed = bias = d = MAX_BED_POWER / 2;
  else
    soft_pwm[extruder] = bias = d = PID_MAX / 2;

  // PID Tuning loop
  for (;;) {

    millis_t ms = millis();

    if (temp_meas_ready) { // temp sample ready
      updateTemperaturesFromRawValues();

      input = (extruder<0)?current_temperature_bed:current_temperature[extruder];

      max = max(max, input);
      min = min(min, input);

      #if HAS_AUTO_FAN
        if (ms > next_auto_fan_check_ms) {
          checkExtruderAutoFans();
          next_auto_fan_check_ms = ms + 2500;
        }
      #endif

      if (heating && input > temp) {
        if (ms > t2 + 5000) {
          heating = false;
          if (extruder < 0)
            soft_pwm_bed = (bias - d) >> 1;
          else
            soft_pwm[extruder] = (bias - d) >> 1;
          t1 = ms;
          t_high = t1 - t2;
          max = temp;
        }
      }

      if (!heating && input < temp) {
        if (ms > t1 + 5000) {
          heating = true;
          t2 = ms;
          t_low = t2 - t1;
          if (cycles > 0) {
            long max_pow = extruder < 0 ? MAX_BED_POWER : PID_MAX;
            bias += (d*(t_high - t_low))/(t_low + t_high);
            bias = constrain(bias, 20, max_pow - 20);
            d = (bias > max_pow / 2) ? max_pow - 1 - bias : bias;

            SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_BIAS); SERIAL_PROTOCOL(bias);
            SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_D);    SERIAL_PROTOCOL(d);
            SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_T_MIN);  SERIAL_PROTOCOL(min);
            SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_T_MAX);  SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(max);
            if (cycles > 2) {
              Ku = (4.0 * d) / (3.14159265 * (max - min) / 2.0);
              Tu = ((float)(t_low + t_high) / 1000.0);
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_KU); SERIAL_PROTOCOL(Ku);
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_TU); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Tu);
              Kp = 0.6 * Ku;
              Ki = 2 * Kp / Tu;
              Kd = Kp * Tu / 8;
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLLNPGM(MSG_CLASSIC_PID);
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_KP); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Kp);
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_KI); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Ki);
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_KD); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Kd);
              /*
              Kp = 0.33*Ku;
              Ki = Kp/Tu;
              Kd = Kp*Tu/3;
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLLNPGM(" Some overshoot ");
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(" Kp: "); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Kp);
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(" Ki: "); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Ki);
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(" Kd: "); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Kd);
              Kp = 0.2*Ku;
              Ki = 2*Kp/Tu;
              Kd = Kp*Tu/3;
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLLNPGM(" No overshoot ");
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(" Kp: "); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Kp);
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(" Ki: "); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Ki);
              SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(" Kd: "); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Kd);
              */
            }
          }
          if (extruder < 0)
            soft_pwm_bed = (bias + d) >> 1;
          else
            soft_pwm[extruder] = (bias + d) >> 1;
          cycles++;
          min = temp;
        }
      } 
    }
    #define MAX_OVERSHOOT_PID_AUTOTUNE 20
    if (input > temp + MAX_OVERSHOOT_PID_AUTOTUNE) {
      SERIAL_PROTOCOLLNPGM(MSG_PID_TEMP_TOO_HIGH);
      return;
    }
    // Every 2 seconds...
    if (ms > temp_ms + 2000) {
      int p;
      if (extruder < 0) {
        p = soft_pwm_bed;
        SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_B);
      }
      else {
        p = soft_pwm[extruder];
        SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_T);
      }

      SERIAL_PROTOCOL(input);
      SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM(MSG_AT);
      SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(p);

      temp_ms = ms;
    } // every 2 seconds
    // Over 2 minutes?
    if (((ms - t1) + (ms - t2)) > (10L*60L*1000L*2L)) {
      SERIAL_PROTOCOLLNPGM(MSG_PID_TIMEOUT);
      return;
    }
    if (cycles > ncycles) {
      SERIAL_PROTOCOLLNPGM(MSG_PID_AUTOTUNE_FINISHED);
      const char *estring = extruder < 0 ? "bed" : "";
      SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM("#define  DEFAULT_"); SERIAL_PROTOCOL(estring); SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM("Kp "); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Kp);
      SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM("#define  DEFAULT_"); SERIAL_PROTOCOL(estring); SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM("Ki "); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Ki);
      SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM("#define  DEFAULT_"); SERIAL_PROTOCOL(estring); SERIAL_PROTOCOLPGM("Kd "); SERIAL_PROTOCOLLN(Kd);
      return;
    }
    lcd_update();
  }
}

void updatePID() {
  #if ENABLED(PIDTEMP)
    for (int e = 0; e < EXTRUDERS; e++) {
      temp_iState_max[e] = PID_INTEGRAL_DRIVE_MAX / PID_PARAM(Ki,e);
      #if ENABLED(PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE)
        last_position[e] = 0;
      #endif
    }
  #endif
  #if ENABLED(PIDTEMPBED)
    temp_iState_max_bed = PID_BED_INTEGRAL_DRIVE_MAX / bedKi;
  #endif
}

int getHeaterPower(int heater) {
  return heater < 0 ? soft_pwm_bed : soft_pwm[heater];
}

#if HAS_AUTO_FAN

void setExtruderAutoFanState(int pin, bool state) {
  unsigned char newFanSpeed = (state != 0) ? EXTRUDER_AUTO_FAN_SPEED : 0;
  // this idiom allows both digital and PWM fan outputs (see M42 handling).
  digitalWrite(pin, newFanSpeed);
  analogWrite(pin, newFanSpeed);
}

void checkExtruderAutoFans() {
  uint8_t fanState = 0;

  // which fan pins need to be turned on?      
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_0
    if (current_temperature[0] > EXTRUDER_AUTO_FAN_TEMPERATURE) 
      fanState |= 1;
  #endif
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_1
    if (current_temperature[1] > EXTRUDER_AUTO_FAN_TEMPERATURE) 
    {
      if (EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN == EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN)
        fanState |= 1;
      else
        fanState |= 2;
    }
  #endif
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_2
    if (current_temperature[2] > EXTRUDER_AUTO_FAN_TEMPERATURE) 
    {
      if (EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN == EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN) 
        fanState |= 1;
      else if (EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN == EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN) 
        fanState |= 2;
      else
        fanState |= 4;
    }
  #endif
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_3
    if (current_temperature[3] > EXTRUDER_AUTO_FAN_TEMPERATURE) 
    {
      if (EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN == EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN) 
        fanState |= 1;
      else if (EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN == EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN) 
        fanState |= 2;
      else if (EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN == EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN) 
        fanState |= 4;
      else
        fanState |= 8;
    }
  #endif
  
  // update extruder auto fan states
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_0
    setExtruderAutoFanState(EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN, (fanState & 1) != 0);
  #endif
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_1
    if (EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN)
      setExtruderAutoFanState(EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN, (fanState & 2) != 0);
  #endif
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_2
    if (EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN
        && EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN)
      setExtruderAutoFanState(EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN, (fanState & 4) != 0);
  #endif
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_3
    if (EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN
        && EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN
        && EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN)
      setExtruderAutoFanState(EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN, (fanState & 8) != 0);
  #endif
}

#endif // HAS_AUTO_FAN

//
// Temperature Error Handlers
//
inline void _temp_error(int e, const char *serial_msg, const char *lcd_msg) {
  static bool killed = false;
  if (IsRunning()) {
    SERIAL_ERROR_START;
    serialprintPGM(serial_msg);
    SERIAL_ERRORPGM(MSG_STOPPED_HEATER);
    if (e >= 0) SERIAL_ERRORLN((int)e); else SERIAL_ERRORLNPGM(MSG_HEATER_BED);
  }
  #if DISABLED(BOGUS_TEMPERATURE_FAILSAFE_OVERRIDE)
    if (!killed) {
      Running = false;
      killed = true;
      kill(lcd_msg);
    }
    else
      disable_all_heaters(); // paranoia
  #endif
}

void max_temp_error(uint8_t e) {
  _temp_error(e, PSTR(MSG_T_MAXTEMP), PSTR(MSG_ERR_MAXTEMP));
}
void min_temp_error(uint8_t e) {
  _temp_error(e, PSTR(MSG_T_MINTEMP), PSTR(MSG_ERR_MINTEMP));
}

float get_pid_output(int e) {
  float pid_output;
  #if ENABLED(PIDTEMP)
    #if DISABLED(PID_OPENLOOP)
      pid_error[e] = target_temperature[e] - current_temperature[e];
      dTerm[e] = K2 * PID_PARAM(Kd,e) * (current_temperature[e] - temp_dState[e]) + K1 * dTerm[e];
      temp_dState[e] = current_temperature[e];
      if (pid_error[e] > PID_FUNCTIONAL_RANGE) {
        pid_output = BANG_MAX;
        pid_reset[e] = true;
      }
      else if (pid_error[e] < -PID_FUNCTIONAL_RANGE || target_temperature[e] == 0) {
        pid_output = 0;
        pid_reset[e] = true;
      }
      else {
        if (pid_reset[e]) {
          temp_iState[e] = 0.0;
          pid_reset[e] = false;
        }
        pTerm[e] = PID_PARAM(Kp,e) * pid_error[e];
        temp_iState[e] += pid_error[e];
        temp_iState[e] = constrain(temp_iState[e], temp_iState_min[e], temp_iState_max[e]);
        iTerm[e] = PID_PARAM(Ki,e) * temp_iState[e];

        pid_output = pTerm[e] + iTerm[e] - dTerm[e];

        #if ENABLED(PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE)
          cTerm[e] = 0;
          if (e == active_extruder) {
            long e_position = st_get_position(E_AXIS);
            if (e_position > last_position[e]) {
              lpq[lpq_ptr++] = e_position - last_position[e];
              last_position[e] = e_position;
            } else {
              lpq[lpq_ptr++] = 0;
            }
            if (lpq_ptr >= lpq_len) lpq_ptr = 0;
            cTerm[e] = (lpq[lpq_ptr] / axis_steps_per_unit[E_AXIS]) * Kc;
            pid_output += cTerm[e];
          }
        #endif //PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE

        if (pid_output > PID_MAX) {
          if (pid_error[e] > 0) temp_iState[e] -= pid_error[e]; // conditional un-integration
          pid_output = PID_MAX;
        }
        else if (pid_output < 0) {
          if (pid_error[e] < 0) temp_iState[e] -= pid_error[e]; // conditional un-integration
          pid_output = 0;
        }
      }
    #else
      pid_output = constrain(target_temperature[e], 0, PID_MAX);
    #endif //PID_OPENLOOP

    #if ENABLED(PID_DEBUG)
      SERIAL_ECHO_START;
      SERIAL_ECHOPAIR(MSG_PID_DEBUG, e);
      SERIAL_ECHOPAIR(MSG_PID_DEBUG_INPUT, current_temperature[e]);
      SERIAL_ECHOPAIR(MSG_PID_DEBUG_OUTPUT, pid_output);
      SERIAL_ECHOPAIR(MSG_PID_DEBUG_PTERM, pTerm[e]);
      SERIAL_ECHOPAIR(MSG_PID_DEBUG_ITERM, iTerm[e]);
      SERIAL_ECHOPAIR(MSG_PID_DEBUG_DTERM, dTerm[e]);
      #if ENABLED(PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE)
        SERIAL_ECHOPAIR(MSG_PID_DEBUG_CTERM, cTerm[e]);
      #endif
      SERIAL_EOL;
    #endif //PID_DEBUG

  #else /* PID off */
    pid_output = (current_temperature[e] < target_temperature[e]) ? PID_MAX : 0;
  #endif

  return pid_output;
}

#if ENABLED(PIDTEMPBED)
  float get_pid_output_bed() {
    float pid_output;
    #if DISABLED(PID_OPENLOOP)
      pid_error_bed = target_temperature_bed - current_temperature_bed;
      pTerm_bed = bedKp * pid_error_bed;
      temp_iState_bed += pid_error_bed;
      temp_iState_bed = constrain(temp_iState_bed, temp_iState_min_bed, temp_iState_max_bed);
      iTerm_bed = bedKi * temp_iState_bed;

      dTerm_bed = K2 * bedKd * (current_temperature_bed - temp_dState_bed) + K1 * dTerm_bed;
      temp_dState_bed = current_temperature_bed;

      pid_output = pTerm_bed + iTerm_bed - dTerm_bed;
      if (pid_output > MAX_BED_POWER) {
        if (pid_error_bed > 0) temp_iState_bed -= pid_error_bed; // conditional un-integration
        pid_output = MAX_BED_POWER;
      }
      else if (pid_output < 0) {
        if (pid_error_bed < 0) temp_iState_bed -= pid_error_bed; // conditional un-integration
        pid_output = 0;
      }
    #else
      pid_output = constrain(target_temperature_bed, 0, MAX_BED_POWER);
    #endif // PID_OPENLOOP

    #if ENABLED(PID_BED_DEBUG)
      SERIAL_ECHO_START;
      SERIAL_ECHO(" PID_BED_DEBUG ");
      SERIAL_ECHO(": Input ");
      SERIAL_ECHO(current_temperature_bed);
      SERIAL_ECHO(" Output ");
      SERIAL_ECHO(pid_output);
      SERIAL_ECHO(" pTerm ");
      SERIAL_ECHO(pTerm_bed);
      SERIAL_ECHO(" iTerm ");
      SERIAL_ECHO(iTerm_bed);
      SERIAL_ECHO(" dTerm ");
      SERIAL_ECHOLN(dTerm_bed);
    #endif //PID_BED_DEBUG

    return pid_output;
  }
#endif

/**
 * Manage heating activities for extruder hot-ends and a heated bed
 *  - Acquire updated temperature readings
 *  - Invoke thermal runaway protection
 *  - Manage extruder auto-fan
 *  - Apply filament width to the extrusion rate (may move)
 *  - Update the heated bed PID output value
 */
void manage_heater() {

  if (!temp_meas_ready) return;

  updateTemperaturesFromRawValues();

  #if ENABLED(HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675)
    float ct = current_temperature[0];
    if (ct > min(HEATER_0_MAXTEMP, 1023)) max_temp_error(0);
    if (ct < max(HEATER_0_MINTEMP, 0.01)) min_temp_error(0);
  #endif

  #if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS) || DISABLED(PIDTEMPBED) || HAS_AUTO_FAN
    millis_t ms = millis();
  #endif

  // Loop through all extruders
  for (int e = 0; e < EXTRUDERS; e++) {

    #if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS)
      thermal_runaway_protection(&thermal_runaway_state_machine[e], &thermal_runaway_timer[e], current_temperature[e], target_temperature[e], e, THERMAL_PROTECTION_PERIOD, THERMAL_PROTECTION_HYSTERESIS);
    #endif

    float pid_output = get_pid_output(e);

    // Check if temperature is within the correct range
    soft_pwm[e] = current_temperature[e] > minttemp[e] && current_temperature[e] < maxttemp[e] ? (int)pid_output >> 1 : 0;

    // Check if the temperature is failing to increase
    #if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS)

      // Is it time to check this extruder's heater?
      if (watch_heater_next_ms[e] && ms > watch_heater_next_ms[e]) {
        // Has it failed to increase enough?
        if (degHotend(e) < watch_target_temp[e]) {
          // Stop!
          _temp_error(e, PSTR(MSG_T_HEATING_FAILED), PSTR(MSG_HEATING_FAILED_LCD));
        }
        else {
          // Start again if the target is still far off
          start_watching_heater(e);
        }
      }

    #endif // THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS

    #if ENABLED(TEMP_SENSOR_1_AS_REDUNDANT)
      if (fabs(current_temperature[0] - redundant_temperature) > MAX_REDUNDANT_TEMP_SENSOR_DIFF) {
        _temp_error(0, PSTR(MSG_EXTRUDER_SWITCHED_OFF), PSTR(MSG_ERR_REDUNDANT_TEMP));
      }
    #endif

  } // Extruders Loop

  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN
    if (ms > next_auto_fan_check_ms) { // only need to check fan state very infrequently
      checkExtruderAutoFans();
      next_auto_fan_check_ms = ms + 2500;
    }
  #endif       

  // Control the extruder rate based on the width sensor
  #if ENABLED(FILAMENT_SENSOR)
    if (filament_sensor) {
      meas_shift_index = delay_index1 - meas_delay_cm;
      if (meas_shift_index < 0) meas_shift_index += MAX_MEASUREMENT_DELAY + 1;  //loop around buffer if needed
      
      // Get the delayed info and add 100 to reconstitute to a percent of
      // the nominal filament diameter then square it to get an area
      meas_shift_index = constrain(meas_shift_index, 0, MAX_MEASUREMENT_DELAY);
      float vm = pow((measurement_delay[meas_shift_index] + 100.0) / 100.0, 2);
      if (vm < 0.01) vm = 0.01;
      volumetric_multiplier[FILAMENT_SENSOR_EXTRUDER_NUM] = vm;
    }
  #endif //FILAMENT_SENSOR

  #if DISABLED(PIDTEMPBED)
    if (ms < next_bed_check_ms) return;
    next_bed_check_ms = ms + BED_CHECK_INTERVAL;
  #endif

  #if TEMP_SENSOR_BED != 0
  
    #if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_BED)
      thermal_runaway_protection(&thermal_runaway_bed_state_machine, &thermal_runaway_bed_timer, current_temperature_bed, target_temperature_bed, -1, THERMAL_PROTECTION_BED_PERIOD, THERMAL_PROTECTION_BED_HYSTERESIS);
    #endif

    #if ENABLED(PIDTEMPBED)
      float pid_output = get_pid_output_bed();

      soft_pwm_bed = current_temperature_bed > BED_MINTEMP && current_temperature_bed < BED_MAXTEMP ? (int)pid_output >> 1 : 0;

    #elif ENABLED(BED_LIMIT_SWITCHING)
      // Check if temperature is within the correct band
      if (current_temperature_bed > BED_MINTEMP && current_temperature_bed < BED_MAXTEMP) {
        if (current_temperature_bed >= target_temperature_bed + BED_HYSTERESIS)
          soft_pwm_bed = 0;
        else if (current_temperature_bed <= target_temperature_bed - BED_HYSTERESIS)
          soft_pwm_bed = MAX_BED_POWER >> 1;
      }
      else {
        soft_pwm_bed = 0;
        WRITE_HEATER_BED(LOW);
      }
    #else // BED_LIMIT_SWITCHING
      // Check if temperature is within the correct range
      if (current_temperature_bed > BED_MINTEMP && current_temperature_bed < BED_MAXTEMP) {
        soft_pwm_bed = current_temperature_bed < target_temperature_bed ? MAX_BED_POWER >> 1 : 0;
      }
      else {
        soft_pwm_bed = 0;
        WRITE_HEATER_BED(LOW);
      }
    #endif
  #endif //TEMP_SENSOR_BED != 0
}

#define PGM_RD_W(x)   (short)pgm_read_word(&x)
// Derived from RepRap FiveD extruder::getTemperature()
// For hot end temperature measurement.
static float analog2temp(int raw, uint8_t e) {
  #if ENABLED(TEMP_SENSOR_1_AS_REDUNDANT)
    if (e > EXTRUDERS)
  #else
    if (e >= EXTRUDERS)
  #endif
    {
      SERIAL_ERROR_START;
      SERIAL_ERROR((int)e);
      SERIAL_ERRORLNPGM(MSG_INVALID_EXTRUDER_NUM);
      kill(PSTR(MSG_KILLED));
      return 0.0;
    } 

  #if ENABLED(HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675)
    if (e == 0) return 0.25 * raw;
  #endif

  if (heater_ttbl_map[e] != NULL) {
    float celsius = 0;
    uint8_t i;
    short (*tt)[][2] = (short (*)[][2])(heater_ttbl_map[e]);

    for (i = 1; i < heater_ttbllen_map[e]; i++) {
      if (PGM_RD_W((*tt)[i][0]) > raw) {
        celsius = PGM_RD_W((*tt)[i-1][1]) + 
          (raw - PGM_RD_W((*tt)[i-1][0])) * 
          (float)(PGM_RD_W((*tt)[i][1]) - PGM_RD_W((*tt)[i-1][1])) /
          (float)(PGM_RD_W((*tt)[i][0]) - PGM_RD_W((*tt)[i-1][0]));
        break;
      }
    }

    // Overflow: Set to last value in the table
    if (i == heater_ttbllen_map[e]) celsius = PGM_RD_W((*tt)[i-1][1]);

    return celsius;
  }
  return ((raw * ((5.0 * 100.0) / 1024.0) / OVERSAMPLENR) * TEMP_SENSOR_AD595_GAIN) + TEMP_SENSOR_AD595_OFFSET;
}

// Derived from RepRap FiveD extruder::getTemperature()
// For bed temperature measurement.
static float analog2tempBed(int raw) {
  #if ENABLED(BED_USES_THERMISTOR)
    float celsius = 0;
    byte i;

    for (i = 1; i < BEDTEMPTABLE_LEN; i++) {
      if (PGM_RD_W(BEDTEMPTABLE[i][0]) > raw) {
        celsius  = PGM_RD_W(BEDTEMPTABLE[i-1][1]) + 
          (raw - PGM_RD_W(BEDTEMPTABLE[i-1][0])) * 
          (float)(PGM_RD_W(BEDTEMPTABLE[i][1]) - PGM_RD_W(BEDTEMPTABLE[i-1][1])) /
          (float)(PGM_RD_W(BEDTEMPTABLE[i][0]) - PGM_RD_W(BEDTEMPTABLE[i-1][0]));
        break;
      }
    }

    // Overflow: Set to last value in the table
    if (i == BEDTEMPTABLE_LEN) celsius = PGM_RD_W(BEDTEMPTABLE[i-1][1]);

    return celsius;
  #elif defined BED_USES_AD595
    return ((raw * ((5.0 * 100.0) / 1024.0) / OVERSAMPLENR) * TEMP_SENSOR_AD595_GAIN) + TEMP_SENSOR_AD595_OFFSET;
  #else
    return 0;
  #endif
}

/* Called to get the raw values into the the actual temperatures. The raw values are created in interrupt context,
    and this function is called from normal context as it is too slow to run in interrupts and will block the stepper routine otherwise */
static void updateTemperaturesFromRawValues() {
  #if ENABLED(HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675)
    current_temperature_raw[0] = read_max6675();
  #endif
  for (uint8_t e = 0; e < EXTRUDERS; e++) {
    current_temperature[e] = analog2temp(current_temperature_raw[e], e);
  }
  current_temperature_bed = analog2tempBed(current_temperature_bed_raw);
  #if ENABLED(TEMP_SENSOR_1_AS_REDUNDANT)
    redundant_temperature = analog2temp(redundant_temperature_raw, 1);
  #endif
  #if HAS_FILAMENT_SENSOR
    filament_width_meas = analog2widthFil();
  #endif
  //Reset the watchdog after we know we have a temperature measurement.
  watchdog_reset();

  CRITICAL_SECTION_START;
  temp_meas_ready = false;
  CRITICAL_SECTION_END;
}


#if ENABLED(FILAMENT_SENSOR)

  // Convert raw Filament Width to millimeters
  float analog2widthFil() {
    return current_raw_filwidth / 16383.0 * 5.0;
    //return current_raw_filwidth;
  }

  // Convert raw Filament Width to a ratio
  int widthFil_to_size_ratio() {
    float temp = filament_width_meas;
    if (temp < MEASURED_LOWER_LIMIT) temp = filament_width_nominal;  //assume sensor cut out
    else if (temp > MEASURED_UPPER_LIMIT) temp = MEASURED_UPPER_LIMIT;
    return filament_width_nominal / temp * 100;
  } 

#endif


/**
 * Initialize the temperature manager
 * The manager is implemented by periodic calls to manage_heater()
 */
void tp_init() {
  #if MB(RUMBA) && ((TEMP_SENSOR_0==-1)||(TEMP_SENSOR_1==-1)||(TEMP_SENSOR_2==-1)||(TEMP_SENSOR_BED==-1))
    //disable RUMBA JTAG in case the thermocouple extension is plugged on top of JTAG connector
    MCUCR=BIT(JTD);
    MCUCR=BIT(JTD);
  #endif
  
  // Finish init of mult extruder arrays 
  for (int e = 0; e < EXTRUDERS; e++) {
    // populate with the first value 
    maxttemp[e] = maxttemp[0];
    #if ENABLED(PIDTEMP)
      temp_iState_min[e] = 0.0;
      temp_iState_max[e] = PID_INTEGRAL_DRIVE_MAX / PID_PARAM(Ki,e);
      #if ENABLED(PID_ADD_EXTRUSION_RATE)
        last_position[e] = 0;
      #endif
    #endif //PIDTEMP
    #if ENABLED(PIDTEMPBED)
      temp_iState_min_bed = 0.0;
      temp_iState_max_bed = PID_BED_INTEGRAL_DRIVE_MAX / bedKi;
    #endif //PIDTEMPBED
  }

  #if HAS_HEATER_0
    SET_OUTPUT(HEATER_0_PIN);
  #endif
  #if HAS_HEATER_1
    SET_OUTPUT(HEATER_1_PIN);
  #endif
  #if HAS_HEATER_2
    SET_OUTPUT(HEATER_2_PIN);
  #endif
  #if HAS_HEATER_3
    SET_OUTPUT(HEATER_3_PIN);
  #endif
  #if HAS_HEATER_BED
    SET_OUTPUT(HEATER_BED_PIN);
  #endif  
  #if HAS_FAN
    SET_OUTPUT(FAN_PIN);
    #if ENABLED(FAST_PWM_FAN)
      setPwmFrequency(FAN_PIN, 1); // No prescaling. Pwm frequency = F_CPU/256/8
    #endif
    #if ENABLED(FAN_SOFT_PWM)
      soft_pwm_fan = fanSpeedSoftPwm / 2;
    #endif
  #endif

  #if ENABLED(HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675)

    #if DISABLED(SDSUPPORT)
      OUT_WRITE(SCK_PIN, LOW);
      OUT_WRITE(MOSI_PIN, HIGH);
      OUT_WRITE(MISO_PIN, HIGH);
    #else
      pinMode(SS_PIN, OUTPUT);
      digitalWrite(SS_PIN, HIGH);
    #endif
    
    OUT_WRITE(MAX6675_SS,HIGH);

  #endif //HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675

  #ifdef DIDR2
    #define ANALOG_SELECT(pin) do{ if (pin < 8) DIDR0 |= BIT(pin); else DIDR2 |= BIT(pin - 8); }while(0)
  #else
    #define ANALOG_SELECT(pin) do{ DIDR0 |= BIT(pin); }while(0)
  #endif

  // Set analog inputs
  ADCSRA = BIT(ADEN) | BIT(ADSC) | BIT(ADIF) | 0x07;
  DIDR0 = 0;
  #ifdef DIDR2
    DIDR2 = 0;
  #endif
  #if HAS_TEMP_0
    ANALOG_SELECT(TEMP_0_PIN);
  #endif
  #if HAS_TEMP_1
    ANALOG_SELECT(TEMP_1_PIN);
  #endif
  #if HAS_TEMP_2
    ANALOG_SELECT(TEMP_2_PIN);
  #endif
  #if HAS_TEMP_3
    ANALOG_SELECT(TEMP_3_PIN);
  #endif
  #if HAS_TEMP_BED
    ANALOG_SELECT(TEMP_BED_PIN);
  #endif
  #if HAS_FILAMENT_SENSOR
    ANALOG_SELECT(FILWIDTH_PIN);
  #endif

  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_0
    pinMode(EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN, OUTPUT);
  #endif
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_1 && (EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN)
    pinMode(EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN, OUTPUT);
  #endif
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_2 && (EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN) && (EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN)
    pinMode(EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN, OUTPUT);
  #endif
  #if HAS_AUTO_FAN_3 && (EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_0_AUTO_FAN_PIN) && (EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_1_AUTO_FAN_PIN) && (EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN != EXTRUDER_2_AUTO_FAN_PIN)
    pinMode(EXTRUDER_3_AUTO_FAN_PIN, OUTPUT);
  #endif

  // Use timer0 for temperature measurement
  // Interleave temperature interrupt with millies interrupt
  OCR0B = 128;
  TIMSK0 |= BIT(OCIE0B);  
  
  // Wait for temperature measurement to settle
  delay(250);

  #define TEMP_MIN_ROUTINE(NR) \
    minttemp[NR] = HEATER_ ## NR ## _MINTEMP; \
    while(analog2temp(minttemp_raw[NR], NR) < HEATER_ ## NR ## _MINTEMP) { \
      if (HEATER_ ## NR ## _RAW_LO_TEMP < HEATER_ ## NR ## _RAW_HI_TEMP) \
        minttemp_raw[NR] += OVERSAMPLENR; \
      else \
        minttemp_raw[NR] -= OVERSAMPLENR; \
    }
  #define TEMP_MAX_ROUTINE(NR) \
    maxttemp[NR] = HEATER_ ## NR ## _MAXTEMP; \
    while(analog2temp(maxttemp_raw[NR], NR) > HEATER_ ## NR ## _MAXTEMP) { \
      if (HEATER_ ## NR ## _RAW_LO_TEMP < HEATER_ ## NR ## _RAW_HI_TEMP) \
        maxttemp_raw[NR] -= OVERSAMPLENR; \
      else \
        maxttemp_raw[NR] += OVERSAMPLENR; \
    }

  #ifdef HEATER_0_MINTEMP
    TEMP_MIN_ROUTINE(0);
  #endif
  #ifdef HEATER_0_MAXTEMP
    TEMP_MAX_ROUTINE(0);
  #endif
  #if EXTRUDERS > 1
    #ifdef HEATER_1_MINTEMP
      TEMP_MIN_ROUTINE(1);
    #endif
    #ifdef HEATER_1_MAXTEMP
      TEMP_MAX_ROUTINE(1);
    #endif
    #if EXTRUDERS > 2
      #ifdef HEATER_2_MINTEMP
        TEMP_MIN_ROUTINE(2);
      #endif
      #ifdef HEATER_2_MAXTEMP
        TEMP_MAX_ROUTINE(2);
      #endif
      #if EXTRUDERS > 3
        #ifdef HEATER_3_MINTEMP
          TEMP_MIN_ROUTINE(3);
        #endif
        #ifdef HEATER_3_MAXTEMP
          TEMP_MAX_ROUTINE(3);
        #endif
      #endif // EXTRUDERS > 3
    #endif // EXTRUDERS > 2
  #endif // EXTRUDERS > 1

  #ifdef BED_MINTEMP
    while(analog2tempBed(bed_minttemp_raw) < BED_MINTEMP) {
      #if HEATER_BED_RAW_LO_TEMP < HEATER_BED_RAW_HI_TEMP
        bed_minttemp_raw += OVERSAMPLENR;
      #else
        bed_minttemp_raw -= OVERSAMPLENR;
      #endif
    }
  #endif //BED_MINTEMP
  #ifdef BED_MAXTEMP
    while(analog2tempBed(bed_maxttemp_raw) > BED_MAXTEMP) {
      #if HEATER_BED_RAW_LO_TEMP < HEATER_BED_RAW_HI_TEMP
        bed_maxttemp_raw -= OVERSAMPLENR;
      #else
        bed_maxttemp_raw += OVERSAMPLENR;
      #endif
    }
  #endif //BED_MAXTEMP
}

#if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS)
  /**
   * Start Heating Sanity Check for hotends that are below
   * their target temperature by a configurable margin.
   * This is called when the temperature is set. (M104, M109)
   */
  void start_watching_heater(int e) {
    if (degHotend(e) < degTargetHotend(e) - (WATCH_TEMP_INCREASE + TEMP_HYSTERESIS + 1)) {
      watch_target_temp[e] = degHotend(e) + WATCH_TEMP_INCREASE;
      watch_heater_next_ms[e] = millis() + WATCH_TEMP_PERIOD * 1000UL;
    }
    else
      watch_heater_next_ms[e] = 0;
  }
#endif

#if ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS) || ENABLED(THERMAL_PROTECTION_BED)

  void thermal_runaway_protection(TRState *state, millis_t *timer, float temperature, float target_temperature, int heater_id, int period_seconds, int hysteresis_degc) {

    static float tr_target_temperature[EXTRUDERS+1] = { 0.0 };

    /*
        SERIAL_ECHO_START;
        SERIAL_ECHOPGM("Thermal Thermal Runaway Running. Heater ID: ");
        if (heater_id < 0) SERIAL_ECHOPGM("bed"); else SERIAL_ECHOPGM(heater_id);
        SERIAL_ECHOPGM(" ;  State:");
        SERIAL_ECHOPGM(*state);
        SERIAL_ECHOPGM(" ;  Timer:");
        SERIAL_ECHOPGM(*timer);
        SERIAL_ECHOPGM(" ;  Temperature:");
        SERIAL_ECHOPGM(temperature);
        SERIAL_ECHOPGM(" ;  Target Temp:");
        SERIAL_ECHOPGM(target_temperature);
        SERIAL_EOL;
    */

    int heater_index = heater_id >= 0 ? heater_id : EXTRUDERS;

    // If the target temperature changes, restart
    if (tr_target_temperature[heater_index] != target_temperature)
      *state = TRReset;

    switch (*state) {
      case TRReset:
        *timer = 0;
        *state = TRInactive;
      // Inactive state waits for a target temperature to be set
      case TRInactive:
        if (target_temperature > 0) {
          tr_target_temperature[heater_index] = target_temperature;
          *state = TRFirstHeating;
        }
        break;
      // When first heating, wait for the temperature to be reached then go to Stable state
      case TRFirstHeating:
        if (temperature >= tr_target_temperature[heater_index]) *state = TRStable;
        break;
      // While the temperature is stable watch for a bad temperature
      case TRStable:
        // If the temperature is over the target (-hysteresis) restart the timer
        if (temperature >= tr_target_temperature[heater_index] - hysteresis_degc)
          *timer = millis();
          // If the timer goes too long without a reset, trigger shutdown
        else if (millis() > *timer + period_seconds * 1000UL)
          *state = TRRunaway;
        break;
      case TRRunaway:
        _temp_error(heater_id, PSTR(MSG_T_THERMAL_RUNAWAY), PSTR(MSG_THERMAL_RUNAWAY));
    }
  }

#endif // THERMAL_PROTECTION_HOTENDS || THERMAL_PROTECTION_BED

void disable_all_heaters() {
  for (int i=0; i<EXTRUDERS; i++) setTargetHotend(0, i);
  setTargetBed(0);

  #define DISABLE_HEATER(NR) { \
    target_temperature[NR] = 0; \
    soft_pwm[NR] = 0; \
    WRITE_HEATER_ ## NR (LOW); \
  }

  #if HAS_TEMP_0
    target_temperature[0] = 0;
    soft_pwm[0] = 0;
    WRITE_HEATER_0P(LOW); // Should HEATERS_PARALLEL apply here? Then change to DISABLE_HEATER(0)
  #endif

  #if EXTRUDERS > 1 && HAS_TEMP_1
    DISABLE_HEATER(1);
  #endif

  #if EXTRUDERS > 2 && HAS_TEMP_2
    DISABLE_HEATER(2);
  #endif

  #if EXTRUDERS > 3 && HAS_TEMP_3
    DISABLE_HEATER(3);
  #endif

  #if HAS_TEMP_BED
    target_temperature_bed = 0;
    soft_pwm_bed = 0;
    #if HAS_HEATER_BED
      WRITE_HEATER_BED(LOW);
    #endif
  #endif
}

#if ENABLED(HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675)
  #define MAX6675_HEAT_INTERVAL 250u
  static millis_t next_max6675_ms = 0;
  int max6675_temp = 2000;

  static int read_max6675() {

    millis_t ms = millis();

    if (ms < next_max6675_ms)
      return max6675_temp;
    
    next_max6675_ms = ms + MAX6675_HEAT_INTERVAL;

    max6675_temp = 0;

    #ifdef PRR
      PRR &= ~BIT(PRSPI);
    #elif defined(PRR0)
      PRR0 &= ~BIT(PRSPI);
    #endif

    SPCR = BIT(MSTR) | BIT(SPE) | BIT(SPR0);

    // enable TT_MAX6675
    WRITE(MAX6675_SS, 0);

    // ensure 100ns delay - a bit extra is fine
    asm("nop");//50ns on 20Mhz, 62.5ns on 16Mhz
    asm("nop");//50ns on 20Mhz, 62.5ns on 16Mhz

    // read MSB
    SPDR = 0;
    for (;(SPSR & BIT(SPIF)) == 0;);
    max6675_temp = SPDR;
    max6675_temp <<= 8;

    // read LSB
    SPDR = 0;
    for (;(SPSR & BIT(SPIF)) == 0;);
    max6675_temp |= SPDR;

    // disable TT_MAX6675
    WRITE(MAX6675_SS, 1);

    if (max6675_temp & 4) {
      // thermocouple open
      max6675_temp = 4000;
    }
    else {
      max6675_temp = max6675_temp >> 3;
    }

    return max6675_temp;
  }

#endif //HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675

/**
 * Stages in the ISR loop
 */
enum TempState {
  PrepareTemp_0,
  MeasureTemp_0,
  PrepareTemp_BED,
  MeasureTemp_BED,
  PrepareTemp_1,
  MeasureTemp_1,
  PrepareTemp_2,
  MeasureTemp_2,
  PrepareTemp_3,
  MeasureTemp_3,
  Prepare_FILWIDTH,
  Measure_FILWIDTH,
  StartupDelay // Startup, delay initial temp reading a tiny bit so the hardware can settle
};

static unsigned long raw_temp_value[4] = { 0 };
static unsigned long raw_temp_bed_value = 0;

static void set_current_temp_raw() {
  #if HAS_TEMP_0 && DISABLED(HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675)
    current_temperature_raw[0] = raw_temp_value[0];
  #endif
  #if HAS_TEMP_1
    #if ENABLED(TEMP_SENSOR_1_AS_REDUNDANT)
      redundant_temperature_raw = raw_temp_value[1];
    #else
      current_temperature_raw[1] = raw_temp_value[1];
    #endif
    #if HAS_TEMP_2
      current_temperature_raw[2] = raw_temp_value[2];
      #if HAS_TEMP_3
        current_temperature_raw[3] = raw_temp_value[3];
      #endif
    #endif
  #endif
  current_temperature_bed_raw = raw_temp_bed_value;
  temp_meas_ready = true;
}

/**
 * Timer 0 is shared with millies
 *  - Manage PWM to all the heaters and fan
 *  - Update the raw temperature values
 *  - Check new temperature values for MIN/MAX errors
 *  - Step the babysteps value for each axis towards 0
 */
ISR(TIMER0_COMPB_vect) {

  static unsigned char temp_count = 0;
  static TempState temp_state = StartupDelay;
  static unsigned char pwm_count = BIT(SOFT_PWM_SCALE);

  // Static members for each heater
  #if ENABLED(SLOW_PWM_HEATERS)
    static unsigned char slow_pwm_count = 0;
    #define ISR_STATICS(n) \
      static unsigned char soft_pwm_ ## n; \
      static unsigned char state_heater_ ## n = 0; \
      static unsigned char state_timer_heater_ ## n = 0
  #else
    #define ISR_STATICS(n) static unsigned char soft_pwm_ ## n
  #endif

  // Statics per heater
  ISR_STATICS(0);
  #if (EXTRUDERS > 1) || ENABLED(HEATERS_PARALLEL)
    ISR_STATICS(1);
    #if EXTRUDERS > 2
      ISR_STATICS(2);
      #if EXTRUDERS > 3
        ISR_STATICS(3);
      #endif
    #endif
  #endif
  #if HAS_HEATER_BED
    ISR_STATICS(BED);
  #endif

  #if HAS_FILAMENT_SENSOR
    static unsigned long raw_filwidth_value = 0;
  #endif
  
  #if DISABLED(SLOW_PWM_HEATERS)
    /**
     * standard PWM modulation
     */
    if (pwm_count == 0) {
      soft_pwm_0 = soft_pwm[0];
      if (soft_pwm_0 > 0) {
        WRITE_HEATER_0(1);
      }
      else WRITE_HEATER_0P(0); // If HEATERS_PARALLEL should apply, change to WRITE_HEATER_0

      #if EXTRUDERS > 1
        soft_pwm_1 = soft_pwm[1];
        WRITE_HEATER_1(soft_pwm_1 > 0 ? 1 : 0);
        #if EXTRUDERS > 2
          soft_pwm_2 = soft_pwm[2];
          WRITE_HEATER_2(soft_pwm_2 > 0 ? 1 : 0);
          #if EXTRUDERS > 3
            soft_pwm_3 = soft_pwm[3];
            WRITE_HEATER_3(soft_pwm_3 > 0 ? 1 : 0);
          #endif
        #endif
      #endif

      #if HAS_HEATER_BED
        soft_pwm_BED = soft_pwm_bed;
        WRITE_HEATER_BED(soft_pwm_BED > 0 ? 1 : 0);
      #endif
      #if ENABLED(FAN_SOFT_PWM)
        soft_pwm_fan = fanSpeedSoftPwm / 2;
        WRITE_FAN(soft_pwm_fan > 0 ? 1 : 0);
      #endif
    }

    if (soft_pwm_0 < pwm_count) { WRITE_HEATER_0(0); }
    #if EXTRUDERS > 1
      if (soft_pwm_1 < pwm_count) WRITE_HEATER_1(0);
      #if EXTRUDERS > 2
        if (soft_pwm_2 < pwm_count) WRITE_HEATER_2(0);
        #if EXTRUDERS > 3
          if (soft_pwm_3 < pwm_count) WRITE_HEATER_3(0);
        #endif
      #endif
    #endif

    #if HAS_HEATER_BED
      if (soft_pwm_BED < pwm_count) WRITE_HEATER_BED(0);
    #endif

    #if ENABLED(FAN_SOFT_PWM)
      if (soft_pwm_fan < pwm_count) WRITE_FAN(0);
    #endif
    
    pwm_count += BIT(SOFT_PWM_SCALE);
    pwm_count &= 0x7f;
  
  #else // SLOW_PWM_HEATERS
    /*
     * SLOW PWM HEATERS
     *
     * for heaters drived by relay
     */
    #ifndef MIN_STATE_TIME
      #define MIN_STATE_TIME 16 // MIN_STATE_TIME * 65.5 = time in milliseconds
    #endif

    // Macros for Slow PWM timer logic - HEATERS_PARALLEL applies
    #define _SLOW_PWM_ROUTINE(NR, src) \
      soft_pwm_ ## NR = src; \
      if (soft_pwm_ ## NR > 0) { \
        if (state_timer_heater_ ## NR == 0) { \
          if (state_heater_ ## NR == 0) state_timer_heater_ ## NR = MIN_STATE_TIME; \
          state_heater_ ## NR = 1; \
          WRITE_HEATER_ ## NR(1); \
        } \
      } \
      else { \
        if (state_timer_heater_ ## NR == 0) { \
          if (state_heater_ ## NR == 1) state_timer_heater_ ## NR = MIN_STATE_TIME; \
          state_heater_ ## NR = 0; \
          WRITE_HEATER_ ## NR(0); \
        } \
      }
    #define SLOW_PWM_ROUTINE(n) _SLOW_PWM_ROUTINE(n, soft_pwm[n])

    #define PWM_OFF_ROUTINE(NR) \
      if (soft_pwm_ ## NR < slow_pwm_count) { \
        if (state_timer_heater_ ## NR == 0) { \
          if (state_heater_ ## NR == 1) state_timer_heater_ ## NR = MIN_STATE_TIME; \
          state_heater_ ## NR = 0; \
          WRITE_HEATER_ ## NR (0); \
        } \
      }

    if (slow_pwm_count == 0) {

      SLOW_PWM_ROUTINE(0); // EXTRUDER 0
      #if EXTRUDERS > 1
        SLOW_PWM_ROUTINE(1); // EXTRUDER 1
        #if EXTRUDERS > 2
          SLOW_PWM_ROUTINE(2); // EXTRUDER 2
          #if EXTRUDERS > 3
            SLOW_PWM_ROUTINE(3); // EXTRUDER 3
          #endif
        #endif
      #endif
      #if HAS_HEATER_BED
        _SLOW_PWM_ROUTINE(BED, soft_pwm_bed); // BED
      #endif

    } // slow_pwm_count == 0

    PWM_OFF_ROUTINE(0); // EXTRUDER 0
    #if EXTRUDERS > 1
      PWM_OFF_ROUTINE(1); // EXTRUDER 1
      #if EXTRUDERS > 2
        PWM_OFF_ROUTINE(2); // EXTRUDER 2
        #if EXTRUDERS > 3
          PWM_OFF_ROUTINE(3); // EXTRUDER 3
        #endif
      #endif
    #endif
    #if HAS_HEATER_BED
      PWM_OFF_ROUTINE(BED); // BED
    #endif

    #if ENABLED(FAN_SOFT_PWM)
      if (pwm_count == 0) {
        soft_pwm_fan = fanSpeedSoftPwm / 2;
        WRITE_FAN(soft_pwm_fan > 0 ? 1 : 0);
      }
      if (soft_pwm_fan < pwm_count) WRITE_FAN(0);
    #endif //FAN_SOFT_PWM

    pwm_count += BIT(SOFT_PWM_SCALE);
    pwm_count &= 0x7f;

    // increment slow_pwm_count only every 64 pwm_count circa 65.5ms
    if ((pwm_count % 64) == 0) {
      slow_pwm_count++;
      slow_pwm_count &= 0x7f;
    
      // EXTRUDER 0
      if (state_timer_heater_0 > 0) state_timer_heater_0--; 
      #if EXTRUDERS > 1    // EXTRUDER 1
        if (state_timer_heater_1 > 0) state_timer_heater_1--;
        #if EXTRUDERS > 2    // EXTRUDER 2
          if (state_timer_heater_2 > 0) state_timer_heater_2--;
          #if EXTRUDERS > 3    // EXTRUDER 3
            if (state_timer_heater_3 > 0) state_timer_heater_3--;
          #endif
        #endif
      #endif
      #if HAS_HEATER_BED
        if (state_timer_heater_BED > 0) state_timer_heater_BED--;
      #endif
    } // (pwm_count % 64) == 0
  
  #endif // SLOW_PWM_HEATERS

  #define SET_ADMUX_ADCSRA(pin) ADMUX = BIT(REFS0) | (pin & 0x07); ADCSRA |= BIT(ADSC)
  #ifdef MUX5
    #define START_ADC(pin) if (pin > 7) ADCSRB = BIT(MUX5); else ADCSRB = 0; SET_ADMUX_ADCSRA(pin)
  #else
    #define START_ADC(pin) ADCSRB = 0; SET_ADMUX_ADCSRA(pin)
  #endif

  // Prepare or measure a sensor, each one every 12th frame
  switch(temp_state) {
    case PrepareTemp_0:
      #if HAS_TEMP_0
        START_ADC(TEMP_0_PIN);
      #endif
      lcd_buttons_update();
      temp_state = MeasureTemp_0;
      break;
    case MeasureTemp_0:
      #if HAS_TEMP_0
        raw_temp_value[0] += ADC;
      #endif
      temp_state = PrepareTemp_BED;
      break;

    case PrepareTemp_BED:
      #if HAS_TEMP_BED
        START_ADC(TEMP_BED_PIN);
      #endif
      lcd_buttons_update();
      temp_state = MeasureTemp_BED;
      break;
    case MeasureTemp_BED:
      #if HAS_TEMP_BED
        raw_temp_bed_value += ADC;
      #endif
      temp_state = PrepareTemp_1;
      break;

    case PrepareTemp_1:
      #if HAS_TEMP_1
        START_ADC(TEMP_1_PIN);
      #endif
      lcd_buttons_update();
      temp_state = MeasureTemp_1;
      break;
    case MeasureTemp_1:
      #if HAS_TEMP_1
        raw_temp_value[1] += ADC;
      #endif
      temp_state = PrepareTemp_2;
      break;

    case PrepareTemp_2:
      #if HAS_TEMP_2
        START_ADC(TEMP_2_PIN);
      #endif
      lcd_buttons_update();
      temp_state = MeasureTemp_2;
      break;
    case MeasureTemp_2:
      #if HAS_TEMP_2
        raw_temp_value[2] += ADC;
      #endif
      temp_state = PrepareTemp_3;
      break;

    case PrepareTemp_3:
      #if HAS_TEMP_3
        START_ADC(TEMP_3_PIN);
      #endif
      lcd_buttons_update();
      temp_state = MeasureTemp_3;
      break;
    case MeasureTemp_3:
      #if HAS_TEMP_3
        raw_temp_value[3] += ADC;
      #endif
      temp_state = Prepare_FILWIDTH;
      break;

    case Prepare_FILWIDTH:
      #if HAS_FILAMENT_SENSOR
        START_ADC(FILWIDTH_PIN);
      #endif
      lcd_buttons_update();
      temp_state = Measure_FILWIDTH;
      break;
    case Measure_FILWIDTH:
      #if HAS_FILAMENT_SENSOR
        // raw_filwidth_value += ADC;  //remove to use an IIR filter approach
        if (ADC > 102) { //check that ADC is reading a voltage > 0.5 volts, otherwise don't take in the data.
          raw_filwidth_value -= (raw_filwidth_value>>7);  //multiply raw_filwidth_value by 127/128
          raw_filwidth_value += ((unsigned long)ADC<<7);  //add new ADC reading
        }
      #endif
      temp_state = PrepareTemp_0;
      temp_count++;
      break;

    case StartupDelay:
      temp_state = PrepareTemp_0;
      break;

    // default:
    //   SERIAL_ERROR_START;
    //   SERIAL_ERRORLNPGM("Temp measurement error!");
    //   break;
  } // switch(temp_state)

  if (temp_count >= OVERSAMPLENR) { // 10 * 16 * 1/(16000000/64/256)  = 164ms.
    // Update the raw values if they've been read. Else we could be updating them during reading.
    if (!temp_meas_ready) set_current_temp_raw();

    // Filament Sensor - can be read any time since IIR filtering is used
    #if HAS_FILAMENT_SENSOR
      current_raw_filwidth = raw_filwidth_value >> 10;  // Divide to get to 0-16384 range since we used 1/128 IIR filter approach
    #endif

    temp_count = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) raw_temp_value[i] = 0;
    raw_temp_bed_value = 0;

    #if HAS_TEMP_0 && DISABLED(HEATER_0_USES_MAX6675)
      #if HEATER_0_RAW_LO_TEMP > HEATER_0_RAW_HI_TEMP
        #define GE0 <=
      #else
        #define GE0 >=
      #endif
      if (current_temperature_raw[0] GE0 maxttemp_raw[0]) max_temp_error(0);
      if (minttemp_raw[0] GE0 current_temperature_raw[0]) min_temp_error(0);
    #endif

    #if HAS_TEMP_1 && EXTRUDERS > 1
      #if HEATER_1_RAW_LO_TEMP > HEATER_1_RAW_HI_TEMP
        #define GE1 <=
      #else
        #define GE1 >=
      #endif
      if (current_temperature_raw[1] GE1 maxttemp_raw[1]) max_temp_error(1);
      if (minttemp_raw[1] GE1 current_temperature_raw[1]) min_temp_error(1);
    #endif // TEMP_SENSOR_1

    #if HAS_TEMP_2 && EXTRUDERS > 2
      #if HEATER_2_RAW_LO_TEMP > HEATER_2_RAW_HI_TEMP
        #define GE2 <=
      #else
        #define GE2 >=
      #endif
      if (current_temperature_raw[2] GE2 maxttemp_raw[2]) max_temp_error(2);
      if (minttemp_raw[2] GE2 current_temperature_raw[2]) min_temp_error(2);
    #endif // TEMP_SENSOR_2

    #if HAS_TEMP_3 && EXTRUDERS > 3
      #if HEATER_3_RAW_LO_TEMP > HEATER_3_RAW_HI_TEMP
        #define GE3 <=
      #else
        #define GE3 >=
      #endif
      if (current_temperature_raw[3] GE3 maxttemp_raw[3]) max_temp_error(3);
      if (minttemp_raw[3] GE3 current_temperature_raw[3]) min_temp_error(3);
    #endif // TEMP_SENSOR_3

    #if HAS_TEMP_BED
      #if HEATER_BED_RAW_LO_TEMP > HEATER_BED_RAW_HI_TEMP
        #define GEBED <=
      #else
        #define GEBED >=
      #endif
      if (current_temperature_bed_raw GEBED bed_maxttemp_raw) _temp_error(-1, PSTR(MSG_T_MAXTEMP), PSTR(MSG_ERR_MAXTEMP_BED));
      if (bed_minttemp_raw GEBED current_temperature_bed_raw) _temp_error(-1, PSTR(MSG_T_MINTEMP), PSTR(MSG_ERR_MINTEMP_BED));
    #endif

  } // temp_count >= OVERSAMPLENR

  #if ENABLED(BABYSTEPPING)
    for (uint8_t axis = X_AXIS; axis <= Z_AXIS; axis++) {
      int curTodo = babystepsTodo[axis]; //get rid of volatile for performance
     
      if (curTodo > 0) {
        babystep(axis,/*fwd*/true);
        babystepsTodo[axis]--; //fewer to do next time
      }
      else if (curTodo < 0) {
        babystep(axis,/*fwd*/false);
        babystepsTodo[axis]++; //fewer to do next time
      }
    }
  #endif //BABYSTEPPING
}

#if ENABLED(PIDTEMP)
  // Apply the scale factors to the PID values
  float scalePID_i(float i)   { return i * PID_dT; }
  float unscalePID_i(float i) { return i / PID_dT; }
  float scalePID_d(float d)   { return d / PID_dT; }
  float unscalePID_d(float d) { return d * PID_dT; }
#endif //PIDTEMP