Implement AVR Platform

The extrusion speed was wrong due to a not high enough precision of
esteps to XY steps, therefore now the target float values are used to
calculate the ratio between XY movement and extrusion speed.
The e_speed_multiplier8 was replaced by an absolute multiplier called
abs_adv_steps_multiplier8, therefore one multiplication and bitshift can
be saved inside the stepper ISR. Due to this, also extruder_advance_k is
better suited inside the planner and not the stepper files any more.

.) long to int: Extruder stalls at 10kHz / 20kHz step limits with long.
.) Take the delta_adv_steps calculation out of the step_loops loop. Wasted calculation performance if done inside.
.) >> 2 replaced by 3: Is divide by 8. Reason: Timer 0 runs at 16/8=2MHz, Timer 1 at 16/64=0.25MHz. ==> 2/0.25=8.

We should use `constexpr` wherever it makes sense, for its added benefits. See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13346879/const-vs-constexpr-on-variables

Probably needed for long straight lines when using high microstepping

- In `stepper.h` init `count_direction` array
- In `ultralcd.cpp` init `autotune_temp` array

- Search all symbols and apply prefixes where needed
- Encapsulate some private methods
- Inline some setters
- Make `microstep_mode` a public method

Additional follow-up the PR #3631(Encapsulate Stepper, Planner, Endstops in singleton classes)

・Change from abort_on_endstop_hit to stepper.abort_on_endstop_hit in endstop.cpp, Marlin_main.cpp, and ultralcd.cpp
・Add include path to cardreader.h and temperature.h in endstop.cpp(for CardReader class and disable_all_heaters())
It fix compilation error when ABORT_ON_ENDSTOP_HIT_FEATURE_ENABLED and SDSUPPORT are enabled.

・Change from digipot_current() to stepper.digipot_current() in Marlin_main.cpp
・Change from digitalPotWrite() to stepper.digitalPotWrite() in Marlin_main.cpp
It fix compilation errors when HAS_DIGIPOTSS is enabled.

・Change from microstep_mode() to stepper.microstep_mode() in Marlin_main.cpp
・Change attribute of microstep_mode() from private to public in stepper.h
・Change from microstep_readings() to stepper.microstep_readings() in Marlin_main.cpp
・Change from microstep_ms() to stepper.microstep_ms() in Marlin_main.
It fix compilation errors when HAS_MICROSTEPS is enabled.

Following up on #3231