Use a sector of the LPC flash memory to emulate EEPROM storage, removing the need to have an SD card to store system parameters.

Addressing #9441

Although this is an external contribution, clean up anyway to stop seeing it in global searches for typical flaws.

* Enable hardware serial ports on LPC1768

* Fix compilation errors with other HALs

* FIx order of includes in LPC1768 HAL main.cpp

* Add support for RX_BUFFER_SIZE and TX_BUFFER_SIZE options in Configuration_adv.h

* fixed some include paths

* LPC1768: Fix Serial API

Add missing serial methods used if TX_BUFFER_SIZE is set
Change return value of HalSerial:read to match Arduino API

* LPC1768: add filters to ADC

This is to try and compensate for hardware issue and oversensitivity to noise

* LPC1768: remove the polling section of delayMicroseconds

* LPC1768: lock usb mass storage device while device accesses it.

Currently only applicable to persistent store,
The device always has priority and will unmount the sd card from the host, Windows then tries to automount again so it can look like the explorer window freezes. Linux Mint, by default, just closes the Nemo window.

* Add timeout to make sure if Serial never connects that Marlin still boots

* Remove unneeded ifdef CPU_32_BIT

In general the need for ifdef CPU_32_BIT blocks means that something is missing from the HAL API or a Platform, in this case HAL_TICKS_PER_US was missing from the AVR Platform

* LPC1768: relocate RE-ARM debug_extra_script.py